Style In Written English

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES 

1.        QUESTION

     Question tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ditambahkan di akhir pernyataan (declarative sentence) untuk menanyakan informasi atau meminta persetujuan.

  

Contoh Question Tag :

1)      They will attend the seminar, won’t they?

(Mereka akan menghadiri seminar kan?).

2)      They can't write a letter, can they?

      (Mereka tidak dapat menulis sebuah surat, bukan?).

3)      Your sister doesn't like doll, does she? No, she doesn't.

            (Kakak perempuanmu tidak suka boneka, bukan? Tidak).

2.        SAY OR TELL

     Say dan Tell mempunyai arti yang sedikit berbeda, yaitu “berkata” dan “mengatakan”. Dalam tata bahasa (Grammar) Bahasa Inggris, terutama dalam topik Reported Speech, keduanya mempunyai pola yang berbeda.

Contoh Say and Tell :

1           1)   -    Will you come with us tomorrow?

                  (Maukah kau ikut dengan kami besok?).

-          He asked me if I would go with them the following day.

(Dia bertanya apakah saya akan pergi bersama mereka pada hari berikutnya).

2           2)   -      I didn’t do it! (Aku tidak melakukannya!)

-          He said that he hadn’t done it. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia tidak melakukannya).

3           3)  -      I’ll bring the book back tomorrow.

                   (Aku akan membawa buku itu kembali besok).

-          She said that she would bring the book back the following day.

 (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan membawa buku itu kembali keesokan harinya).

1    3.   ANTECENDENES OF PRONOUN

      Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun, noun phrase,noun clause, pronoun lain, maupun konstruksi lain yang berakting sebagainoun. Di dalam suatu kalimat, kata ini dapat mengarah pada noun yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya. Sedangkanantecedent adalah kata, phrase, atauclause yang dirujuk atau digantikan olehpronoun. Di dalam suatu kalimat, biasanyaantecedent berada sebelum pronoun. 

    Contoh Antecendenes Of Pronoun :

1)      To get rich, the man gave his money away to charity.

(Untuk menjadi kaya, pria tersebut mendonasikan uangnya untuk amal).

2)      You should submit the report to your teacher immediately.

(Kamu harus menyerahkan laporan tersebut kepada gurumu secepatnya).

3)      Luna and Iin have decided to do over their task.

(Luna dan Iin telah memutuskan untuk mengerjakan kembali tugas mereka).

1    4.   PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

     Adjective adalah kata sifat dan fungsinya untuk menjelaskan kata benda. Participial adjective adalah adjective (kata sifat) yang berbentuk V+ing (Present Participle) danV+ed (Past Participle).

   Contoh Participles As Adjectives :

1)      So much work was (overwhelming). The staff are (overwhelmed).

(Begitu banyak pekerjaan yang (berlebihan). Staf (kewalahan)).

2)      I was so (entertained) by the movie. The movie was very(entertaining).

(Aku begitu (dihibur) oleh film.Film ini sangat (menghibur)).

3)      The direction to the hotel was (confusing). The driver was (confused).

(Arah ke hotel ini (membingungkan). Sopir itu (bingung)).

5    5.   PARALEL CONTRUCTION

     Correlative Conjunction adalah sebuah kata hubung yang biasanya digunakan berpasang untuk dapat menyatakan hubungan sejajar dan selaras antara dua kata atau klausa seperti sebagai subject, object dan klausa lainnya. Sifat hubungan keduanya biasanya secara gramatikal bersifat paralel ( berkedudukan sejajar ) itulah kenapa biasanya materi ini juga disebut Parallel Construction.

Contoh Paralel Contruction :

1)      You should study hard otherwise you will be left behind.

(Anda harus belajar keras jika tidak, anda akan tertinggal).

2)      I will go unless it rains.

(Aku akan pergi kecuali hujan).

3)      I like either singing songs or playing music.

(Aku suka lagu baik bernyanyi atau bermain musik).

M Rendy Alviandra

14210781

4EA05

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

	Active	Pasive
Simple Present	S + V (S/es) + O	S + to be + V3 + BY + O (she, he, it = is) (I = am) (they, we, you = are)
Simple Past	S + V2 + O	S + to be + V3 + BY + O (she, he, it, I = was) (they, we, you = were)
Simple Future	S + will + v1 + O	S + will + be + v3 + by + o
Present Continous	S + tobe + ving + o	S + to be + being + v3 + by + o
Past Continous	S + tobe (was / were) + ving + o	S + to be (was / were) + being + v3 + by + o
Future Continous	S + will + be + ving + o	There are some tenses and conditions that don’t have pasive form present continous, past perfect continous, future continous, future perfect continous, and sentences that have intransitive verbs
Present Perfect	S + has / have + v3 + o	S + has / have + been + v3 + by + o (she, he, it = has) (they, we, I, you = have)
Past Perfect	S + had + v3 + o	S + had + been + v3 + by + o
Future perfect	S + will + have + v3 + o	S + will + have + been + v3 + by + o

Mengubah kalimat active ke kalimat passive

1.  Active = once a month, conte brings the team to the beach. 

Pasive = once a month, the team is brought to the beach by conte.

(SIMPLE PRESENT)

1.       2.  Active = Ali is writing a letter right now.

Pasive = the letter is being written by Ali now.

(PRESENT CONTINOUS)

1.       3.  Active = Gio repaired the computer which is located in the living room

Pasive = the computer which is located in the living room was repaired by Gio.

(SIMPLE PAST)

1.       4.  Active = The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

Pasive =  The Customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

(PAST CONTINOUS)

1.       5. Active = Many basketball players have trained that kind of dribble style.

Pasive = that kind of dribble style have been trained by many basketball players.

(PRESENT PERFECT)

1.       6.  Active = Otong and vicky had repaired many cars before they received their mechanic license.

Pasive = many cars had been repaired by otong and vicky before they received their mechanic,

(PAST PERFECT)

1.       7.  Active = Chef ferara will finish the dish by 05.00 PM

Pasive = the dish will be finished by chef Ferara by 05.00 PM.

(SIMPLE FUTURE)

1.     8. Active = Burgerkill will be performing a song entitled “tiga titik hitam” on the stage at 08.00 PM.

Pasive = a song entitled will be performed by Burgerkill on the stage at 08.00 PM.

(FUTURE CONTINOUS)

1.       9.  Active = They will have completed the project before the deadline.

Pasive = the project will have been completed by them before the deadline.

(FUTURE PERFECT)

1.       10. Active = The lead guitarist of flashgod apocalypse smashed his guitar in their last concert.

Pasive = the guitar was smashed by the lead guitarist of flashgod apoccalypse in their last concert

(SIMPLE PAST)

M Rendy Alviandra
14210781
4EA05

Verb Phrase, Tenses, Singular and Plural

Verb Phrases

Verb phrases atau frase verba adalah frase yang tersusun dari verba utama ditambah denganauxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (or clauses), prepositional phrases, atau object. Dalam kalimat, frase verba berfungsi sebagai predikat.


Contoh:
- He was smoking.- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent. 
- We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m. 
- Henry made my coach very proud. 

Dalam frase verba, verb selalu menjadi head, yang dapat disertai pre-modifiers dan/atau post-modifier.

Jika terdapat pre-modifiers, bisa berupa kata negative (not/never) atau adverb phrase.
- not say what he is doing.
- never needs money.
- He deliberately broke the window.

Kebanyakan head verba harus diikuti oleh post-modifiers.
- My son [made a cake].
- We [keep pigeons].
- I [recommend the fish].

Present Simple

Simple present tense terutama digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sering dilakukan dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan, dan juga fakta atau pernyataan yang sudah umum diketahui.


Kalimat simple present tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan infinitive verbs (kata kerja dasar) atau to be (am, is, are).

Pola I (infinitive verbs)
(+) S + V1
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1

Pola II (to be)
(+) S + to be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I eat breakfast every morning.
- She does not drink coffee.
- Does he wash the car every day?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
- Calcium is important to the formation of strong bones.
- Tara is not at home.
- Are you happy?

Present Continuous

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau sedang berlangsung pada saat kita berbicara.


Pola kalimat:
(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not + V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
- He is studying English grammar.
- I am not sitting in class right now.
- Is John fishing in the river?

Present Perfect

Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang pernah atau sudah terjadi. Kapan terjadinya tindakan atau situasi itu tidak terlalu penting.


Pola kalimat present perfect tense.

Pola I
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3

Pola II
(+) S + have/has + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Have/has + S + been + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I have finished my work.
- She has not eaten lunch.
- Have you seen that movie?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She has been sick for two days.
- They have not been busy for one day.
- Have you been here for two hours?

Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.


Pola kalimat:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
- They have been talking on the phone for thirty minutes.
- He has not been working here.
- Have you been playing tennis?

Past Simple

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau aktivitas di waktu lampau yang sudah selesai dilakukan atau yang sudah terjadi.


Kalimat simple past tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past) atau to be (was/were).

Pola I
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1

Pola II
(+) S + was/were + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + was/were + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Was/were + S + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I walked to school yesterday.
- Tom did not eat lunch yesterday.
- Did you come to class?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
- They were in Bali last week.
- It was not cool last night.
- Was Tom at home last night?

Past Continuous

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau.


Pola kalimat:
(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
- He was studying English at 7 o’clock last night.
- They were not playing tennis at 4 pm last Sunday.
- Was Tom washing the car yesterday?

Past Perfect

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi sebelum terjadinya peristiwa atau kegiatan lain di waktu lampau.


Pola kalimat past perfect tense.

Pola I
(+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3

Pola II
(+) S + had + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + had + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Had + S + been + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
- They had gone to bed by ten o’clock.
- I had not eaten when she came.
- Had the cat killed the parrot?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She had been to the supermarket by nine o’clock.
- They had not been here when he came.
- Had she been happy after his father came?

Past Perfect Continuous

Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang telah dan sedang berlangsung sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.


Pola kalimat:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
- I had been reading a book for two hours when he arrived.
- She had not been sleeping when he walked in.
- Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?

Future Simple

Simple future tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.


Kalimat berpola simple future tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan will atau be going to.

Pola I (will)
(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1

Pola II (will be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + will + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + be + Adj/Adv/N

Pola III (going to)
(+) S + to be + going to + V1
(-) S + to be + not + going to + V1
(?) To be + S + going to + V1

Pola IV (going to + be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + to be + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
I will see you tomorrow.She will not come here next Sunday.Will Tom come tomorrow?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will be in class tomorrow.He will not be late.
Will she be back for dinner?

Contoh kalimat pola III:
I am going to be swim tomorrow.
He is not going to play football this afternoon.
Are you going to come to class tomorrow?

Contoh kalimat pola IV:
They are going to be proud of me.
Tom is not going to be here tomorrow.
Is she going to be in class tomorrow?

Future Continuous

Future continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung atau sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + be + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + be + V-ing
(?) Will + S + be + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
I will be playing basketball at six o’clock.We will not be using the car tomorrow.
Will she be driving to work early in the morning tomorrow?

Future Perfect

Future perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang telah dimulai pada waktu lampau yang akan sudah/belum selesai dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.


Pola kalimat future perfect tense.

Pola I
(+) S + will + have + V3
(-) S + will + not + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3

Pola II
(+) S + will + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + have + been + Adj/Adv/N

Contoh kalimat pola I:
We will have arrived by three o’clock.She will not have finished her study by this time next month.
Will they have received the parcel by tomorrow morning?

Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will have been here for six month on June 1st.
She will not have been in Surabaya by the end of this month.
Will you have been here for five years next June?

Future Perfect Continuous

Future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + have + been + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + have + been + V-ing
(?) Will + S + have + been + V-ing

Contoh kalimat:
- She will have been working here for ten years in January.- We will not have been living here for three years this year.
- Will you have been living in Surabaya for ten years by the end of this year?

Singular and Plural Nouns

Kata benda atau nomina mempunyai dua bentuk (form) kata, yaitu singular dan plural.
Singular nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda yang berjumlah tunggal atau satu, misalnya: a computer, a chair, a train, a player, a teacher, a taxi, etc. Sedangkan plural nounsdigunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak (jamak), misalnya: computers, chairs, trains, players, teachers, taxis, etc.

Singular nouns umumnya disertai determiners (a/an, this, that, the), misalnya: a river, a castle, an idea, this book, the man, etc.

Umumnya plural nouns dibentuk dengan menambah huruf -s di belakang kata benda yang akan dibuat dalam bentuk jamak, misalnya: boats, bats, houses, rivers, computer, boys, girls, etc.

Perhatikan catatan dan contoh pembentukan plural nouns berikut di bawah ini.

Nomina yang berakhiran -s, -ss, -ch, -sh atau –x ditambah akhiran –es. 
- bus --> buses
- glass --> glasses
- dress --> dresses
- branch --> branches
- church --> churches
- beach --> beaches
- sandwich --> sandwiches
- witch --> witches
- brush --> brushes
- flash --> flashes
- box --> boxes
- fox --> foxes

Nomina yang berakhiran –y, diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es.
- baby --> babies
- family --> families
- story --> stories
- fairy --> fairies
- puppy --> puppies
- housefly --> houseflies
- library --> libraries
- city --> cities
- lily --> lilies
- party --> parties
- dictionary --> dictionaries

Nomina berakhiran –y yang sebelumnya terdapat huruf hidup atau vokal (vowel), langsung ditambah akhiran –s. Kecuali nomina yang berakhiran –quy, -y diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es (soliloquy --> soliloquies).
- key --> keys
- monkey --> monkeys
- donkey --> donkeys
- toy --> toys
- boy --> boys
- cowboy --> cowboys
- day --> days
- tray --> trays
- runway --> runways
- chimney --> chimneys
- trolley --> trolleys
- valley --> valleys

Nomina yang berakhiran –f, diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –es.
- half --> halves
- leaf --> leaves
- shelf --> shelves
- wolf --> wolves
- thief --> thieves

Beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- chief --> chiefs
- roof --> roofs
- handkerchief --> handkerchiefs
- cliff --> cliffs
- puff --> puffs

Dan beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas.
- scarf --> scarfs or scarves
- hoof --> hoofs or hooves
- dwarf --> dwarfs or dwarves
- wharf --> wharfs or wharves

Nomina yang berakhiran –fe, maka f diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –s.
- knife --> knives
- wife --> wives
- life --> lives
- midwife --> midwives

Nomina yang berakhiran –o, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- video --> videos
- hippo --> hippos
- zoo --> zoos
- kangaroo --> kangaroos

Tetapi beberapa nomina tertentu yang berakhiran -o, jika dijadikan plural ada yang ditambah akhiran –es.
- tomato --> tomatoes
- potato --> potatoes
- hero --> heroes

Dan ada juga beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –o bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas
- mango --> mangoes or mangos
- mosquito --> mosquitoes or mosquitos
- zero --> zeroes or zeros
- buffalo --> buffaloes or buffalos

Beberapa nomina berubah ejaannya jika berubah menjadi plural (irregular plurals).
- man --> men
- woman --> women
- child --> children
- person --> people
- mouse --> mice
- tooth --> teeth
- foot --> feet
- goose --> geese

Beberapa nomina mempunyai bentuk yang sama, baik singular maupun plural.
- sheep --> sheep
- deer --> deer
- fish --> fish 
- aircraft --> aircraft 
- salmon --> salmon 


Kata fish (collectively) bila digunakan untuk menyatakan jenisnya (individuals or kinds) maka bentuk plural-nya menggunakan fishes.
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes.

Beberapa nomina selalu berbentuk plural, misalnya: trousers, glasses, shorts, spectacles, jeans, goggles, pants, scissors, tights, binoculars, pyjamas, pliers. Gunakan a pair of untuk menjadikan nomina tersebut ke bentuk singular.
- a pair of binoculars- a pair of spectacles
- a pair of jeans


Pada compound words, nominanya (main words) dijadikan ke bentuk plural.
- mother-in-law --> mothers-in-law
- passerby --> passersby
- sister-in-law --> sisters-in-law

Jika tidak ada nomina atau kata benda pada compound words tambahkan akhiran –s.
- mix-up --> mix-ups
- takeoff --> takeoffs

Jika compound words berakhiran -ful, tambahkan saja akhiran –s.
- cupful --> cupfuls

Nomina yang berupa angka, huruf bisa di bentuk menjadi plural dengan menambahkanapostrophes (‘) dan s.
- How many 3’s make 9?
- There are two m’s in ‘comma’.

Beberapa nomina yang berasal dari luar bahasa Inggris (Latin, Greek, etc.) mempunyai bentukplural tersendiri (irregular plural) mengikuti bahasa asalnya.
- nucleus --> nuclei
- syllabus --> syllabi 
- focus --> foci (focuses)
- fungus --> fungi 
- cactus --> cacti (cactuses) 
- thesis --> theses 
- crisis --> crises 
- phenomenon --> phenomena 
- index --> indices (indexes) 
- appendix --> appendices (appendixes) 
- criterion --> criteria
- analysis --> analyses
- axis --> axes
- bacterium --> bacteria
- parenthesis -->parentheses
- datum --> data
- alumnus --> alumni

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