Verb Phrases
Verb phrases atau frase verba adalah frase yang tersusun dari verba utama ditambah denganauxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (or clauses), prepositional phrases, atau object. Dalam kalimat, frase verba berfungsi sebagai predikat.
Contoh:
- He was smoking.- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
- We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
- Henry made my coach very proud.
Dalam frase verba, verb selalu menjadi head, yang dapat disertai pre-modifiers dan/atau post-modifier.
Jika terdapat pre-modifiers, bisa berupa kata negative (not/never) atau adverb phrase.
- not say what he is doing.
- never needs money.
- He deliberately broke the window.
Kebanyakan head verba harus diikuti oleh post-modifiers.
- My son [made a cake].
- We [keep pigeons].
- I [recommend the fish].
Contoh:
- He was smoking.- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
- We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
- Henry made my coach very proud.
Dalam frase verba, verb selalu menjadi head, yang dapat disertai pre-modifiers dan/atau post-modifier.
Jika terdapat pre-modifiers, bisa berupa kata negative (not/never) atau adverb phrase.
- not say what he is doing.
- never needs money.
- He deliberately broke the window.
Kebanyakan head verba harus diikuti oleh post-modifiers.
- My son [made a cake].
- We [keep pigeons].
- I [recommend the fish].
Present Simple
Simple present tense terutama digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sering dilakukan dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan, dan juga fakta atau pernyataan yang sudah umum diketahui.
Kalimat simple present tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan infinitive verbs (kata kerja dasar) atau to be (am, is, are).
Pola I (infinitive verbs)
(+) S + V1
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1
Pola II (to be)
(+) S + to be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I eat breakfast every morning.
- She does not drink coffee.
- Does he wash the car every day?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- Calcium is important to the formation of strong bones.
- Tara is not at home.
- Are you happy?
Kalimat simple present tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan infinitive verbs (kata kerja dasar) atau to be (am, is, are).
Pola I (infinitive verbs)
(+) S + V1
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1
Pola II (to be)
(+) S + to be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I eat breakfast every morning.
- She does not drink coffee.
- Does he wash the car every day?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- Calcium is important to the formation of strong bones.
- Tara is not at home.
- Are you happy?
Present Continuous
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau sedang berlangsung pada saat kita berbicara.
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not + V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- He is studying English grammar.
- I am not sitting in class right now.
- Is John fishing in the river?
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not + V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- He is studying English grammar.
- I am not sitting in class right now.
- Is John fishing in the river?
Present Perfect
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang pernah atau sudah terjadi. Kapan terjadinya tindakan atau situasi itu tidak terlalu penting.
Pola kalimat present perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + have/has + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Have/has + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I have finished my work.
- She has not eaten lunch.
- Have you seen that movie?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She has been sick for two days.
- They have not been busy for one day.
- Have you been here for two hours?
Pola kalimat present perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + have/has + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Have/has + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I have finished my work.
- She has not eaten lunch.
- Have you seen that movie?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She has been sick for two days.
- They have not been busy for one day.
- Have you been here for two hours?
Present Perfect Continuous
Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- They have been talking on the phone for thirty minutes.
- He has not been working here.
- Have you been playing tennis?
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- They have been talking on the phone for thirty minutes.
- He has not been working here.
- Have you been playing tennis?
Past Simple
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau aktivitas di waktu lampau yang sudah selesai dilakukan atau yang sudah terjadi.
Kalimat simple past tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past) atau to be (was/were).
Pola I
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1
Pola II
(+) S + was/were + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + was/were + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Was/were + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I walked to school yesterday.
- Tom did not eat lunch yesterday.
- Did you come to class?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- They were in Bali last week.
- It was not cool last night.
- Was Tom at home last night?
Kalimat simple past tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past) atau to be (was/were).
Pola I
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1
Pola II
(+) S + was/were + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + was/were + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Was/were + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- I walked to school yesterday.
- Tom did not eat lunch yesterday.
- Did you come to class?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- They were in Bali last week.
- It was not cool last night.
- Was Tom at home last night?
Past Continuous
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau.
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- He was studying English at 7 o’clock last night.
- They were not playing tennis at 4 pm last Sunday.
- Was Tom washing the car yesterday?
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- He was studying English at 7 o’clock last night.
- They were not playing tennis at 4 pm last Sunday.
- Was Tom washing the car yesterday?
Past Perfect
Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi sebelum terjadinya peristiwa atau kegiatan lain di waktu lampau.
Pola kalimat past perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + had + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + had + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Had + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- They had gone to bed by ten o’clock.
- I had not eaten when she came.
- Had the cat killed the parrot?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She had been to the supermarket by nine o’clock.
- They had not been here when he came.
- Had she been happy after his father came?
Pola kalimat past perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + had + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + had + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Had + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
- They had gone to bed by ten o’clock.
- I had not eaten when she came.
- Had the cat killed the parrot?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
- She had been to the supermarket by nine o’clock.
- They had not been here when he came.
- Had she been happy after his father came?
Past Perfect Continuous
Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang telah dan sedang berlangsung sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- I had been reading a book for two hours when he arrived.
- She had not been sleeping when he walked in.
- Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- I had been reading a book for two hours when he arrived.
- She had not been sleeping when he walked in.
- Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
Future Simple
Simple future tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.
Kalimat berpola simple future tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan will atau be going to.
Pola I (will)
(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1
Pola II (will be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + will + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + be + Adj/Adv/N
Pola III (going to)
(+) S + to be + going to + V1
(-) S + to be + not + going to + V1
(?) To be + S + going to + V1
Pola IV (going to + be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + to be + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I will see you tomorrow.She will not come here next Sunday.Will Tom come tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will be in class tomorrow.He will not be late.
Will she be back for dinner?
Contoh kalimat pola III:
I am going to be swim tomorrow.
He is not going to play football this afternoon.
Are you going to come to class tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola IV:
They are going to be proud of me.
Tom is not going to be here tomorrow.
Is she going to be in class tomorrow?
Kalimat berpola simple future tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan will atau be going to.
Pola I (will)
(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1
Pola II (will be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + will + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + be + Adj/Adv/N
Pola III (going to)
(+) S + to be + going to + V1
(-) S + to be + not + going to + V1
(?) To be + S + going to + V1
Pola IV (going to + be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + to be + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I will see you tomorrow.She will not come here next Sunday.Will Tom come tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will be in class tomorrow.He will not be late.
Will she be back for dinner?
Contoh kalimat pola III:
I am going to be swim tomorrow.
He is not going to play football this afternoon.
Are you going to come to class tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola IV:
They are going to be proud of me.
Tom is not going to be here tomorrow.
Is she going to be in class tomorrow?
Future Continuous
Future continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung atau sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + be + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + be + V-ing
(?) Will + S + be + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
I will be playing basketball at six o’clock.We will not be using the car tomorrow.
Will she be driving to work early in the morning tomorrow?
Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + be + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + be + V-ing
(?) Will + S + be + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
I will be playing basketball at six o’clock.We will not be using the car tomorrow.
Will she be driving to work early in the morning tomorrow?
Future Perfect
Future perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang telah dimulai pada waktu lampau yang akan sudah/belum selesai dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
Pola kalimat future perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + will + have + V3
(-) S + will + not + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3
Pola II
(+) S + will + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
We will have arrived by three o’clock.She will not have finished her study by this time next month.
Will they have received the parcel by tomorrow morning?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will have been here for six month on June 1st.
She will not have been in Surabaya by the end of this month.
Will you have been here for five years next June?
Pola kalimat future perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + will + have + V3
(-) S + will + not + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3
Pola II
(+) S + will + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
We will have arrived by three o’clock.She will not have finished her study by this time next month.
Will they have received the parcel by tomorrow morning?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will have been here for six month on June 1st.
She will not have been in Surabaya by the end of this month.
Will you have been here for five years next June?
Future Perfect Continuous
Future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + have + been + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + have + been + V-ing
(?) Will + S + have + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- She will have been working here for ten years in January.- We will not have been living here for three years this year.
- Will you have been living in Surabaya for ten years by the end of this year?
Pola kalimat
(+) S + will + have + been + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + have + been + V-ing
(?) Will + S + have + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
- She will have been working here for ten years in January.- We will not have been living here for three years this year.
- Will you have been living in Surabaya for ten years by the end of this year?
Singular and Plural Nouns
Kata benda atau nomina mempunyai dua bentuk (form) kata, yaitu singular dan plural.
Singular nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda yang berjumlah tunggal atau satu, misalnya: a computer, a chair, a train, a player, a teacher, a taxi, etc. Sedangkan plural nounsdigunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak (jamak), misalnya: computers, chairs, trains, players, teachers, taxis, etc.
Singular nouns umumnya disertai determiners (a/an, this, that, the), misalnya: a river, a castle, an idea, this book, the man, etc.
Umumnya plural nouns dibentuk dengan menambah huruf -s di belakang kata benda yang akan dibuat dalam bentuk jamak, misalnya: boats, bats, houses, rivers, computer, boys, girls, etc.
Perhatikan catatan dan contoh pembentukan plural nouns berikut di bawah ini.
Nomina yang berakhiran -s, -ss, -ch, -sh atau –x ditambah akhiran –es.
- bus --> buses
- glass --> glasses
- dress --> dresses
- branch --> branches
- church --> churches
- beach --> beaches
- sandwich --> sandwiches
- witch --> witches
- brush --> brushes
- flash --> flashes
- box --> boxes
- fox --> foxes
Nomina yang berakhiran –y, diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es.
- baby --> babies
- family --> families
- story --> stories
- fairy --> fairies
- puppy --> puppies
- housefly --> houseflies
- library --> libraries
- city --> cities
- lily --> lilies
- party --> parties
- dictionary --> dictionaries
Nomina berakhiran –y yang sebelumnya terdapat huruf hidup atau vokal (vowel), langsung ditambah akhiran –s. Kecuali nomina yang berakhiran –quy, -y diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es (soliloquy --> soliloquies).
- key --> keys
- monkey --> monkeys
- donkey --> donkeys
- toy --> toys
- boy --> boys
- cowboy --> cowboys
- day --> days
- tray --> trays
- runway --> runways
- chimney --> chimneys
- trolley --> trolleys
- valley --> valleys
Nomina yang berakhiran –f, diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –es.
- half --> halves
- leaf --> leaves
- shelf --> shelves
- wolf --> wolves
- thief --> thieves
Beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- chief --> chiefs
- roof --> roofs
- handkerchief --> handkerchiefs
- cliff --> cliffs
- puff --> puffs
Dan beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas.
- scarf --> scarfs or scarves
- hoof --> hoofs or hooves
- dwarf --> dwarfs or dwarves
- wharf --> wharfs or wharves
Nomina yang berakhiran –fe, maka f diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –s.
- knife --> knives
- wife --> wives
- life --> lives
- midwife --> midwives
Nomina yang berakhiran –o, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- video --> videos
- hippo --> hippos
- zoo --> zoos
- kangaroo --> kangaroos
Tetapi beberapa nomina tertentu yang berakhiran -o, jika dijadikan plural ada yang ditambah akhiran –es.
- tomato --> tomatoes
- potato --> potatoes
- hero --> heroes
Dan ada juga beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –o bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas
- mango --> mangoes or mangos
- mosquito --> mosquitoes or mosquitos
- zero --> zeroes or zeros
- buffalo --> buffaloes or buffalos
Beberapa nomina berubah ejaannya jika berubah menjadi plural (irregular plurals).
- man --> men
- woman --> women
- child --> children
- person --> people
- mouse --> mice
- tooth --> teeth
- foot --> feet
- goose --> geese
Beberapa nomina mempunyai bentuk yang sama, baik singular maupun plural.
- sheep --> sheep
- deer --> deer
- fish --> fish
- aircraft --> aircraft
- salmon --> salmon
Kata fish (collectively) bila digunakan untuk menyatakan jenisnya (individuals or kinds) maka bentuk plural-nya menggunakan fishes.
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes.
Beberapa nomina selalu berbentuk plural, misalnya: trousers, glasses, shorts, spectacles, jeans, goggles, pants, scissors, tights, binoculars, pyjamas, pliers. Gunakan a pair of untuk menjadikan nomina tersebut ke bentuk singular.
- a pair of binoculars- a pair of spectacles
- a pair of jeans
Pada compound words, nominanya (main words) dijadikan ke bentuk plural.
- mother-in-law --> mothers-in-law
- passerby --> passersby
- sister-in-law --> sisters-in-law
Jika tidak ada nomina atau kata benda pada compound words tambahkan akhiran –s.
- mix-up --> mix-ups
- takeoff --> takeoffs
Jika compound words berakhiran -ful, tambahkan saja akhiran –s.
- cupful --> cupfuls
Nomina yang berupa angka, huruf bisa di bentuk menjadi plural dengan menambahkanapostrophes (‘) dan s.
- How many 3’s make 9?
- There are two m’s in ‘comma’.
Beberapa nomina yang berasal dari luar bahasa Inggris (Latin, Greek, etc.) mempunyai bentukplural tersendiri (irregular plural) mengikuti bahasa asalnya.
- nucleus --> nuclei
- syllabus --> syllabi
- focus --> foci (focuses)
- fungus --> fungi
- cactus --> cacti (cactuses)
- thesis --> theses
- crisis --> crises
- phenomenon --> phenomena
- index --> indices (indexes)
- appendix --> appendices (appendixes)
- criterion --> criteria
- analysis --> analyses
- axis --> axes
- bacterium --> bacteria
- parenthesis -->parentheses
- datum --> data
- alumnus --> alumni
Singular nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda yang berjumlah tunggal atau satu, misalnya: a computer, a chair, a train, a player, a teacher, a taxi, etc. Sedangkan plural nounsdigunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak (jamak), misalnya: computers, chairs, trains, players, teachers, taxis, etc.
Singular nouns umumnya disertai determiners (a/an, this, that, the), misalnya: a river, a castle, an idea, this book, the man, etc.
Umumnya plural nouns dibentuk dengan menambah huruf -s di belakang kata benda yang akan dibuat dalam bentuk jamak, misalnya: boats, bats, houses, rivers, computer, boys, girls, etc.
Perhatikan catatan dan contoh pembentukan plural nouns berikut di bawah ini.
Nomina yang berakhiran -s, -ss, -ch, -sh atau –x ditambah akhiran –es.
- bus --> buses
- glass --> glasses
- dress --> dresses
- branch --> branches
- church --> churches
- beach --> beaches
- sandwich --> sandwiches
- witch --> witches
- brush --> brushes
- flash --> flashes
- box --> boxes
- fox --> foxes
Nomina yang berakhiran –y, diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es.
- baby --> babies
- family --> families
- story --> stories
- fairy --> fairies
- puppy --> puppies
- housefly --> houseflies
- library --> libraries
- city --> cities
- lily --> lilies
- party --> parties
- dictionary --> dictionaries
Nomina berakhiran –y yang sebelumnya terdapat huruf hidup atau vokal (vowel), langsung ditambah akhiran –s. Kecuali nomina yang berakhiran –quy, -y diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es (soliloquy --> soliloquies).
- key --> keys
- monkey --> monkeys
- donkey --> donkeys
- toy --> toys
- boy --> boys
- cowboy --> cowboys
- day --> days
- tray --> trays
- runway --> runways
- chimney --> chimneys
- trolley --> trolleys
- valley --> valleys
Nomina yang berakhiran –f, diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –es.
- half --> halves
- leaf --> leaves
- shelf --> shelves
- wolf --> wolves
- thief --> thieves
Beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- chief --> chiefs
- roof --> roofs
- handkerchief --> handkerchiefs
- cliff --> cliffs
- puff --> puffs
Dan beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –f bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas.
- scarf --> scarfs or scarves
- hoof --> hoofs or hooves
- dwarf --> dwarfs or dwarves
- wharf --> wharfs or wharves
Nomina yang berakhiran –fe, maka f diganti dengan v kemudian ditambah –s.
- knife --> knives
- wife --> wives
- life --> lives
- midwife --> midwives
Nomina yang berakhiran –o, hanya ditambah akhiran –s.
- video --> videos
- hippo --> hippos
- zoo --> zoos
- kangaroo --> kangaroos
Tetapi beberapa nomina tertentu yang berakhiran -o, jika dijadikan plural ada yang ditambah akhiran –es.
- tomato --> tomatoes
- potato --> potatoes
- hero --> heroes
Dan ada juga beberapa nomina yang berakhiran –o bisa dijadikan plural dengan dua cara di atas
- mango --> mangoes or mangos
- mosquito --> mosquitoes or mosquitos
- zero --> zeroes or zeros
- buffalo --> buffaloes or buffalos
Beberapa nomina berubah ejaannya jika berubah menjadi plural (irregular plurals).
- man --> men
- woman --> women
- child --> children
- person --> people
- mouse --> mice
- tooth --> teeth
- foot --> feet
- goose --> geese
Beberapa nomina mempunyai bentuk yang sama, baik singular maupun plural.
- sheep --> sheep
- deer --> deer
- fish --> fish
- aircraft --> aircraft
- salmon --> salmon
Kata fish (collectively) bila digunakan untuk menyatakan jenisnya (individuals or kinds) maka bentuk plural-nya menggunakan fishes.
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes.
Beberapa nomina selalu berbentuk plural, misalnya: trousers, glasses, shorts, spectacles, jeans, goggles, pants, scissors, tights, binoculars, pyjamas, pliers. Gunakan a pair of untuk menjadikan nomina tersebut ke bentuk singular.
- a pair of binoculars- a pair of spectacles
- a pair of jeans
Pada compound words, nominanya (main words) dijadikan ke bentuk plural.
- mother-in-law --> mothers-in-law
- passerby --> passersby
- sister-in-law --> sisters-in-law
Jika tidak ada nomina atau kata benda pada compound words tambahkan akhiran –s.
- mix-up --> mix-ups
- takeoff --> takeoffs
Jika compound words berakhiran -ful, tambahkan saja akhiran –s.
- cupful --> cupfuls
Nomina yang berupa angka, huruf bisa di bentuk menjadi plural dengan menambahkanapostrophes (‘) dan s.
- How many 3’s make 9?
- There are two m’s in ‘comma’.
Beberapa nomina yang berasal dari luar bahasa Inggris (Latin, Greek, etc.) mempunyai bentukplural tersendiri (irregular plural) mengikuti bahasa asalnya.
- nucleus --> nuclei
- syllabus --> syllabi
- focus --> foci (focuses)
- fungus --> fungi
- cactus --> cacti (cactuses)
- thesis --> theses
- crisis --> crises
- phenomenon --> phenomena
- index --> indices (indexes)
- appendix --> appendices (appendixes)
- criterion --> criteria
- analysis --> analyses
- axis --> axes
- bacterium --> bacteria
- parenthesis -->parentheses
- datum --> data
- alumnus --> alumni
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